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Vitamin D is an active derivative of fat-soluble steroid, which can promotes the absorption of Ca in the intestine and maintains the concentrations of serum Ca in blood as well as phosphate.Recent researches found that the lack of vitamin D would increase the risk of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases, tumors and other metabolic diseases in addition to affecting the development of bones.More stu-dies have shown that low vitamin D levels is related to respiratory diseases in children.In this review, the physiological characteristics of vitamin D and the relationship with respiratory diseases in children were discussed.
ABSTRACT
Vitamin D is an active derivative of fat-soluble steroid,which can promotes the absorption of Ca in the intestine and maintains the concentrations of serum Ca in blood as well as phosphate.Recent researches found that the lack of vitamin D would increase the risk of respiratory diseases,cardiovascular diseases,autoimmune diseases,neuropsychiatric diseases,tumors and other metabolic diseases in addition to affecting the development of bones.More studies have shown that low vitamin D levels is related to respiratory diseases in children.In this review,the physiological characteristics of vitamin D and the relationship with respiratory diseases in children were discussed.
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Objective@#To observe the short-term changes of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC) in junior high school students in Harbin, and to explore its association with the changes of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the same period. Furthermore, to analyze the value of hs-CRP to predict the BMI and WC changes in children and adolescents.@*Methods@#Convenient sampling method was used,and the students in grades 6 and 7 in junior high school in Harbin were selected by stratified clicstering. Physical examination and serum hs-CRP were performed for two consecutive years. According to the results of the two surveys, the subjects were divided into control group (normal → normal), case group (abnormal → abnormal), improved group (abnormal → normal) and progression group (normal → abnormal). The multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the predictive value of hs-CRP changes for BMI and WC changes.@*Results@#The rate of overweight and obesity among samples from junior high school was 30.6%. The increment of BMI in female was more obvious than that in male(U=17 358.0，P<0.05). Both increments in BMI and WC were positively correlated with increments in hs-CRP(P<0.05). The risk of occurrence of "BMI always abnormal" and "WC always abnormal" increased sequentially in hs-CRP "normal → abnormal", "abnormal → normal" and "abnormal → abnormal", were 3.45 times, 5.98 times and 38.84 times of "BMI is always normal", respectively; and were 3.45 times, 4.26 times and 28.50 times of "WC is always normal", respectively. The risk of "BMI improvement" was 7.70 times more than that of BMI "always normal" when hs-CRP "abnormal → normal".@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of overweight and obesity in junior high school students in Harbin is high. The BMI increases faster in female from junior high school. The trends of change of BMI and WC are consistent with the trend of change of hs-CRP. The “hs-CRP change” has a good predictive value for BMI and WC development.
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Objective To study the effects and side effects of different dose of rHu-EPO on the treatment of brain injury in premature infants. Methods The infants who had suffered fetal distress and first one minute of Apgar was under 7score after birth and were sent to NICU within 24h were studied. We totally collected 90 infants and divided into three groups randomly, including large dose group, small dose group and control group. The large and small group were injected hypodermicly with rHu-EPO 1000U/kg, 500U/kg, three times per week for three weeks, and the control group were given general treatment without rHu-EPO at same time. Before treatment, one week and three weeks after treatment, we collected concentration of NSE, S100B and skull ultrasound to assess the effects. Neonatal behavioral neurological assessment(NBNA) were performed twice before and at weeks of correct gestational age. To survey the side effects, we collected general information such as the incidence rate of ROP and hemangioma, AST/ALT/PLT/Urea /Cr and so on. Results After one-week treatment, the concentration of NSE and S100B were no significant difference(P ＞ 0. 05) in the small dose group, but were statistically significant in the large dose group(P ＜ 0. 05). After three-week treatment, the comparison of NSE、S100B in both groups was statistically significant(P ＜ 0. 05). The head ultrasound comparison was of statistically significant in both group(P ＜ 0. 05), and so as NBNA and head MRI. The frequency of blood transfusion was statistically significant in both group(P ＜ 0. 05) compared with control group. Routine blood test including liver and kidney function showed that there was no significant difference before and after treatment(P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusion The neuroprotective effect of rHu-EPO on brain injury in preterm infants is connected with its dose and period of treatment, it need high dose or long time to express neuroprotective function.
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Objective To understand the relationship between coagulation function and birth weight and gestational age in newborn. Methods Five hundred premature infants in NICU from June 2015 to June 2016 were enrolled. Perinatal high-risk factors(gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, placenta previa, spontaneous premature delivery) and general status (gestational age, sex, delivery mode, birth weight)were documented. Blood coagulation function (PT, APTT, FDP, DD, FIB, AT-Ⅲ) was detected within 6 h after birth. The premature infants were divided into three groups according to gestational age, early preterm neonate group (28-30+6 weeks, 48 cases), moderate preterm neonate group (31-33+6 weeks, 125 cases), and late preterm neonate group (34-36+6 weeks, 216 cases). And there were 111 term infants (37- 42 weeks, 111 cases). In addition , the relation between birth weight and coagulation function was analyzed. Sixty-six twins were collected and divided into tow groups according to their weight, the-lighter group and the-heavier group. The coagulation function was analyzed and compared among different gestational age groups. Results There were no differences in perinatal risk factors (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in various coagulation parameters among three groups [APTT: (93.25 ± 21.34), (82.80 ± 21.37), (78.29 ± 17.77), (62.03 ± 13.7) s;FIB: (1.95 ± 0.96), (1.67 ± 0.60), (1.51 ± 2.44), (1.40 ± 0.85) g/L; DD: (2.11 ± 0.64), (1.02 ± 0.33), (0.66 ± 0.31), (0.51 ± 0.25) mg/L;AT-Ⅲ:(25.89 ± 11.80)%, (33.86 ± 11.40)%, (36.65 ± 13.60)%, (45.18 ± 14.82)%] (P 0.05). Conclusions The coagulation function in early life in premature infants is associated with gestational age, and has no relationship with birth weight. The coagulation function of premature infants is in a changing and gradually mature process, which should be monitored dynamically.
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Objective To analyze the influence of intestinal trefoil factor(ITF) on Bim and Bcl-xl gene expression in neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC),and to discuss the protective machanism of ITF on NEC.Methods Thirty neonatal rats were divided randomly into control group,NEC group and ITF group.NEC group were given intraperitoneal injection of saline 0.2 ml after NEC model of neonatal rats were established.ITF group were given intraperitoneal injection ITF 0.2mg after NEC model of neonatal rats were established.On the 4th day,all the subjects were put to death.We made HE stainting of the slice and made a histopathological examination and immunohistochemical method to detect Bim and Bc1-xl genes expression,and make image analysis.Results The pathological lesions indicated that intestinal tissue necrosis was severe in NEC group,which median was 3 point,but obviously lessen in ITF group,which median was 1 point,with ITF interfering.Image analysis showed the NEC group Bim gene expression (7.87 ± 0.14) higher than those in the control group (2.15±0.28) and ITF group (3.27±0.34),there were significant differences between 3 groups(P<0.05).Bcl-xl gene expression(11.23±0.22)in ITF group was higher than that in control group(1.89±0.28) and NEC group(2.51±0.13),there were significant differences between 3 groups(P<0.05).Conclusions Intestinal injury was ameliorated after ITF was injected intraperitoneally,ITF may protect the intestinal injury of neonatal rats with NEC by changing the Bim gene and Bc1-xl gene expresstion ratio.
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Objective To explore the effects of intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) on interleukin-8(IL-8) and malondiadehyde (MDA) of neonatalrats' intestinal tissue post necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC), to investigate whether ITF has some protective effects on NEC.. Methods Thirty-two neonatal tats of NEC model were devided into four groups, (1)NEC+FTF 0.5 mg, (2) NEC+ITF 0.2 mg, (3) NEC, and (4) all others. After NEC model of neonatal rats was established and the ITF was treated, all the neonatal rats were returned to their mothers. In the 4th day, all the subjects were put to death. Intestinal tissue located at the boundary of ileum and cecum was obtained to observe hostological changes. Other intestinal sissue was removed to homogenate. Than the homogenate was centrifuged, supernates were used to determine the content of IL-8 and MDA. Results Content of IL-8 was dramatically less in group A and B than group C, respectively (29.722?7.134)、(30.512? 8.230)、(39.379 5?4.420) [pg/(mg?pro)](P0.05). Content of MDA was dramatically less in group A and B than group C, respectively(2.267?0.267)、(2.154?0.301)、(3.378?0.835)[nmol/(mg?pro)](P
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Objective To study the effects of intestinal trefoil factor(ITF) on inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) and NO density in neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC). Methods Forty neonatal rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group A, NEC+ ITF 0.5 mg; Group B, NEC+ ITF 0.2 mg; Group C, NEC+ N.S 0.5 ml; Group D, NEC+ N.S 0.2 ml; Group E, normal control. NEC model was established as following method: one-day old Wistar rats were put into 100%carbon dioxide for 5 min and then 100% oxygen for 5 min before returned to their mothers. This was done once daily for 3 days. On the 4th day, all rats were sacrificed and the intestinal tissue located at the boundary of ileum and cecum was obtained for histological examination by HE staining and iNOS, TNF-? and NO level by immunohistopathology. Results iNOS was found negative in group A, B and E, but positive in group C and D. The density of TNF-? were significantly decreased in group A[(30.515?2.731) pg/mg?pro] and B[(32.229? 4.978) pg/mg?pro] than that in group C[(39.957?8.283) pg/mg?pro] and D[(39.960?8.374) pg/mg?pro, P 0.05)]. The density of NO were significantly decreased in group A[(0.37?0.07) ?mol/mg tissue] and B[(0.54?0.08) ?mol/mg tissue] than that in group C[(0.76?0.01) ?mol/mg tissue] and D[(0.82? 0.04) ?mol/mg tissue ( P 0.05)]. The TNF-? and NO expression showed no difference among group A and B, group C and D. The pathological lesions indicate that severe intestinal tissue necrosis in group C and D, and mild in group A and B. Conclusions Intestinal inflammation could be ameliorated after ITF injection hypodermically or intraperitoneally. ITF may provide a brand-new way for the management of NEC in neonatal rats.